The protein profiles of the digested ECMs were analyzed, and it was found to be highly diverse and tissue-specific. Circular dichroism analysis also showed that the stepwise approach preserved the secondary structures better. GAGs and peptide quantification showed that the stepwise method yielded a higher concentration of bioactive residues. In addition, three different proteases were compared to evaluate the most effective digestion protocol for specific cellular processes. Here, stepwise digestion was developed to prepare a competent biomaterial for osteogenesis from three different ECM sources. However, part of the bioactivity is lost during the digestion process due to protein denaturation. It is used as patches and powders, and it could be further processed via enzymatic digestion under acidic conditions using pepsin. AATF may be a risk factor for poor prognosis across cancers.ĭecellularized ECMs have been used as biological scaffolds for tissue repair due to their tissue-specific biochemical and mechanical composition, poorly simulated by other materials. In cancer, AATF expression is generally higher than that in normal tissue, and it is also associated with immunomodulation-related genes. The immune checkpoints PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA4 were positively correlated with AATF expression in bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA), kidney chromophobe (KICH), and prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD). AATF expression levels in various cancer types were significantly correlated with the infiltration levels of cancer-associated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, CD4+ T cells, B cells, myeloid dendritic cells, eosinophils, and macrophages. AATF was elevated in 27 tumors, decreased in 2 tumors, and was a risk factor for overall survival (OS) in 8 tumors and a risk factor for disease-free survival (DFS) in 4 tumors. In TCGA and GTEx databases, 31 tumors and their corresponding normal tissues had AATF expression data, and it was differentially expressed in 29 of them. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx), Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC), and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) were used to analyze the multiomic roles of AATF in 33 tumor types, including gene and protein expression, survival prognosis, gene mutation, DNA methylation, protein phosphorylation, AATF coexpressed genes and their enrichment analysis, and immunological analysis. However, its role across cancers is not well understood. Apoptosis-antagonizing transcription factor (AATF) participates in tumor progression in multiple cancer types.
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